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Morse (1991) established a commonly used mixed methods notation system, in which the components are marked as qual and quan (or QUAL and QUAN to emphasize primacy) for qualitative and quantitative research respectively. Plus (+) sign refers to the concurrent implementation of components, and arrow (→) refers to sequential implementation of components. To ensure the equity of both research traditions, each abbreviation contains the equal number of letters, i.e. four (Schoonenboom & Johnson, 2017, p. 108).
